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Trombiculidae

History
Trombiculidae, Greek ("tremble") and Culex Latin, gen. culicis ("mosquito" or "fly") was first described as an independent family SE Ewing in 1944. But references to chiggers go as far as China in the sixth century, and in 1733, the first recognization trombiculid mites in North America were made. In 1758, Linnaeus described a single species Acarus batatas (Now Trombicula batatas). However, most information on chiggers came the problems arose during and after the Second World War.
Then, when the family was first described, it includes two sub-families, and Hemitrombiculinae Trombiculinae. Womersley added another Leeuwenhoekiinae, which in the time contained only Leeuwenhoekia (Oudemans, 1911). Later, he built the family Leeuwenhoekiidae for Gender and subfamily, with six genera, they a pair of submedian setae present on the backplate.
Distribution
Trombiculid mites are found worldwide. In Europe and America North, they tend to be more common in hot and humid regions. In more temperate regions, they are found only in the summer (In French, are called harvest mites aotat, or "August" flies). United States, they occur mainly in the southeast, South and Midwest. They are not present or found only in remote areas of the north in the mountains and deserts. In the islands Britain, the species autumnalis Trombicula are called harvest mites in North America the species alfreddugesi Trombicula, and species Trombicula (eutrombicula) Hirst, who is in Australia and are commonly called dust mites and scrub itch.
Lifecycle
The life cycle of a harvest mite
The cycle of the mite depends on the species and the environment, but usually last two to twelve months (but can be longer). The number of cycles in a year depends on the region. For example, in a temperate region, there may be only 3 per year, but in the tropics, the cycle could be continuous throughout the year. Adult harvest mites overwinter in protected places such as slightly below the ground. Women become active in spring, and once the soil temperature is consistently above 60 (15.6), it lays eggs, until 15 eggs per day in vegetation when soil temperatures are 60 (15.6). Therefore, from April to early fall until the first frost, humans are sensitive to chigger bites. The larvae congregate in groups on small clods of earth, in matted vegetation and even small shrubs and plants, where they have easier access to a potential host. The eggs are dormant for about six days, after which the non-feeding pre-emergent larvae, with only three pairs of legs. After about six days, the pre-larva develops in its larval stage.
Larva
The larvae, commonly called chigger, are about 0.170.21 mm (0.0070.008 in) in diameter, usually red light, hairy, and move quickly relative to size. There is a marked constriction in the front part of the body in the pupal stage and adult. The eggs are round in shape.Chigger is another term for chewing the chip (Tunga penetrans), a sand flea in the tropics and subtropics in the Americas and Africa.
The name originally chigger as a corruption of quid. Also called scrub mite, red mite and several other names, they are found throughout the temperate and tropical zones. Chiggers are divided into 3 phases: deutovum, fasting larvae, larvae and engorged. Once in the developing egg, larvae enclosed in a membrane in addition to the shell, are called deutovum. After hatching, the larvae migrate to the higher fasting zone and wait for a host.
The larval stage is the only parasitic stage of the life cycle of the mite. They are parasites of many animals. About 30 of the many species of this family, their larvae, attach to various animals, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, and feed on the skin. This often causes a bump intensely itchy red humans (who are accidental hosts).
Chiggers attach to the host, penetrate the skin, inject enzymes into the bite that digest the cell contents, then suck the digested tissue through a tube formed by cells of hardened skin called stylostome. They do not dig in the blood the skin or suck, as is commonly believed. The itching caused by chigger bite may not develop until after 2448 hours the bite, so the victim may not involve specific exposure to the bite itself. The red Welt / bump on the skin is not where a chigger laid, as sometimes believed. The larva remains attached to a suitable host for 3-5 days before dropping to begin her nymphs.
Chiggers do not like sunlight or moisture. During the wet season, chiggers are usually found in tall grass and other vegetation. During dry seasons, chiggers are mostly located beneath bushes and shaded areas.
Chiggers as vectors of disease
To more details on this topic, see scrub typhus.
Although the harvest mite chigger usually does not carry diseases in climates temperate North America, the Leptotrombidium deliense are considered a serious pest in East Asia and the South Pacific because they often wear Orientia tsutsugamushi, the bacterium that causes small scrub typhus, which is known alternatively as the Japanese river disease, scrub disease, or tsutsugamushi. The mites are infected with Rickettsia transmitted from parents to children before the eggs are laid in a process called transovarial transmission. The symptoms of scrub typhus in humans include fever, headache, muscle pain, cough and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Nymph
Once the larva has choked on the skin and fell from his host, the larva develops her nymphs. As larvae, nymphs are also sexually immature, but more like adults.
This step consists of three phases, the protonymph, deutonymph and tritonymph, respectively. The morphology and protonymph tritonymph are unusual cash Trombiculidae. Phase protonymph combines features of larvae and protonymph with deutonymph and morphology tritonymph. The protonymph is a transitional stage inactive. The active deutonymph develops an extra pair of legs (for a total of eight). Finally, he returns to the idle during the transition phase before tritonymph growing into adulthood.
Adults
In deutonymph and adult predatory mites trombiculid are independent feeding on small arthropods and their eggs, also found eating plant material. They live in soil, often by digging in yards and gardens. Adults may be beneficial to humans because they often eat the eggs of other pests, such as mosquitoes.
Trombiculiasis
Trombiculiasis, also called Trombiculidiasis is the term coined by the eruption caused by mites trombiculid.
Prevention
Chigger bites on the foot and ankle
Chiggers are commonly found on the tips of blades of grass to catch a host, so keeping the short grass and removing brush and woody debris where potential mite hosts may live, may limit their impact on an area. Sunlight penetrates the grass will dry the grass and make it less favorable for chigger survival.
Chiggers seem to affect warm covered areas of the body more than drier areas. Thus, injections are often grouped behind the knees or below underwear packed like socks, underwear or bras. Highest areas in the body (chest, back, waist-band, and under the arms) are affected more easily in young children than in adults, since children are shorter and are more likely than adults to come into contact with low lying vegetation and the dry grass where chiggers thrive.
Chigger bites can be minimized by the use of protective clothing tight, there lie in the grass, staying on trails, roads or paths can prevent contact. Dusting sulfur is used commercially to control mites and can be used to control chiggers in yards. Dusting shoes, socks and pants legs with sulfur can be very effective in repelling chiggers.
Another good strategy is to recognize the chigger habitat to avoid exposure, first. Chiggers in North America grow in late summer in the tall dry grasses and other thick unshaded vegetation. Insect repellents containing any of the following active ingredients are recommended: DEET, oil extracted from herb Cat - nepetalactone, citronella oil or eucalyptus oil extract. However, in 1993 published a study report on testing of two products Commercial repellants: DEET and oil of citrus fruit: "All chiggers exposed on filter paper treated with DEET is dead and does not leave papers treated None of the chiggers. that have been placed on papers treated with citrus oil have been killed. "It was concluded that DEET was more effective than citrus oil.
Chiggers can be treated with common white vinegar (5% acetic acid). For personal protection, apply insect repellent to your feet, legs and midsection.
Treatment
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia to quality standards. The specific problem is: date-June 2009. Please improve this section if you can. (June 2009)
Chigger rash 36 hours after exposure
To reduce itching, applying anti-itch cream containing hydrocortisone, calamine, or benzyl benzoate is often used (even if the scale has been shown not to be effective). Hydrogen peroxide and Capsaicin cream was also effective. Another good way to relieve itching is to apply heat or using a shower hand with warm water as you can stand, or by heating the bite of a hairdryer. The method of heat relieve the itching for about four hours and must be repeated. Applying nail polish to the affected area does not kill the chigger, the chigger is actually more present when rash is noticed.
The most effective way to remove chiggers is to wash the affected areas with warm water and soap. This must be done as soon as possible after exposure or possible exposure. Carefully wash the ankles, feet, behind the knees and under arms and chest. A bath of Epsom salts can help relieve itching. If it is near the beach, paddling for a few minutes in water salt both to get rid of mites on his skin and clothes and also relieve their itchy bites. Clothing, especially pants and socks, must be discarded immediately after returning from areas where exposure may have occurred. However, once symptoms appear, it may be too late to prevent bites others. Take a hot bath when already covered with chigger bites may in fact be very uncomfortable and increase itching symptoms. Do not rub the skin and scrape aggressive, as this can break the skin and makes it vulnerable to a more serious infection.
Some claim that the chigger is still in the bite, perhaps mistaking the little red center of the chigger bite himself. In some cases, the chigger is still present when the bite appears. A 10X loupe can be used to show the chigger and can be removed with fine-tipped tweezers. Once that is party, covering the bite with nail polish, calamine lotion, petroleum jelly or other petroleum jelly, baby oil, or any What else can help with pain and itching, but will neither help nor stifle chigger bites heal faster. Medications such as antihistamines or corticosteroid creams may be prescribed by doctors, and could help in some cases.
References
^ "Trombiculidae Ewing, 1929 (the family). SYSTAX - query database. Universitt Ulm. Http://www.biologie.uni-ulm.de/cgi-bin/system/zoosys.pl?id=97056&stufe = 5 & typ = & lang = e ZOO & sid = & pr = T & nix only = no & & ok = B4 = y & syno valid = y. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
Shatrov ^ AB; Kudryashova, NI (2008). "The taxonomic classification Subtaxa trombiculid with remarks on major developments of host-parasite relationships (Acariformes: Parasitengona: Trombiculidae) "". Annals Zoologica (Warsaw) 58: 279287.
^ Smith, GA, Sharma V, Knapp JF, Shields BJ (1998). Pediatric Emergency Care. ed. The summer penile syndrome: seasonal acute hypersensitivity reaction caused by chigger bites on. 14 (2 nd ed.). USA: Pediatric Emergency Care. p. 116118. http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=info:49gX7aDTc_oJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
^ Ballantine, Todd (1991). Tideland Treasure: Guide naturalist beaches and salt marshes of Hilton Head Island and the coast southeast. Columbia, South Carolina: University Press of South Carolina. p. 14. ISBN 0-87249-795-X.
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^ Vater, G. (2006). "The geographical distribution autumnalis Neotrombicula harvest mites. (Acari: Trombiculidae) "(In German). CABI (Bezirks Hygieneinspektion-und-Institute in Leipzig, Medizinische Abteilung Parasitologie, 7010 Leipzig, German Democratic Republic:. CABI): 12. http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=19830598840. Accessed May 18, 2009.
^ Hirst, A. (1929). "" On the itch mite CRUB North Queensland (Trombicula hirst Sambon) "A carrier can pseudotyphus Tropical. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22 (5): 451452. http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0035-9203/PIIS0035920329900675.pdf.
^ "Pest Control ArmaXX" abc. http://www.armaxx.com/chigger.html. Retrieved 24/06/2008.
^ Gosling, J. Peter (2005). Dictionary parasitology. Boca Raton: CRC Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-30855-0.
^ "ACES Publications: chiggers: ANR-1109. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1109/. Retrieved 24/06/2008.
^ Finke, DL (01/10/1998). "University of MD chigger Fact sheet (PDF). http://www.hgic.umd.edu/_media/documents/hg66.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05/25.
^ About.com: Chiggers Pediatric Dermatology Basics
^ University of Florida: IFAS Extension
^ About.com: Pediatric Dermatology Basics chiggers
^ Service, Mike. Medical Entomology for Students (4, illustrated, revised edition.). Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 250 252 of 289 pages. ISBN 0521709288 ISBN 9780521709286. http://books.google.com/books?id=wRrof4RLDuwC&pg=PA251&dq=harvest+mites+scrub+typhus.
^ "CDC - Scrub typhus reemergence in the Maldives" http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no12/03-0212.htm Retrieved 24/06/2008 ...
^ Takahashi, M., Misumi, H Urakami, H Misumi, M, Matsumoto I (2003). "Lifecycle Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae), one mite vectors of scrub typhus in Japan (author). Ohara Sogo Byoin Nenpo (Japan) 45: 1930. ISSN 0285-3671. http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200401/000020040103A0828660.php.
T ^ Baumann (March 2001). "New treatment for mite infestation harvest" Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (5):. 769 doi: .. 10.1001/archinte.161.5.769 PMID 11231715 http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid. = 11231715.
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^ Ho MC, MK Fauziah (March 1993). "Laboratory evaluation of two commercial repellants against Leptotrombidium fletcheri (Acari: Trombiculidae) "Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 24 (1): 1659 .. PMID 8362291.
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External Links
"Chiggers!" Missouri Department of Conservation
Chiggers to Pestproducts.com
Iowa Department of Public State University of Entomology Insect Information Note
Medline Plus NIH
Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, Entomology, Chiggers, HYG-2100-98
Trombicula autmunalis
Taxonomic information at NCBI and UniProt Consortium
Categories AcariHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from June 2009 | All pages that need cleaning

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